Evaluation of the Utility of Static and Adaptive Mesh Refinement for Idealized Tropical Cyclone Problems in a Spectral Element Shallow Water Model

5 The utility of static and adaptive mesh refinement (SMR and AMR, respectively) are ex6 amined for idealized tropical cyclone (TC) simulations in a spectral element f -plane shallow 7 water model. The SMR simulations have varying sizes of the statically refined meshes 8 (geometry-based) while the AMR simulations use a potential vorticity (PV) threshold to 9 adaptively refine the mesh to the evolving TC. Numerical simulations are conducted for four 10 cases: (i) TC-like vortex advecting in a uniform flow, (ii) binary vortex interaction, (iii) 11 barotropic instability of a PV ring, and (iv) barotropic instability of a thin strip of PV. For 12 each case, a high resolution “truth” simulation is compared to two different SMR simula13 tions and three different AMR simulations for accuracy and efficiency. The multiple SMR 14 and AMR simulations have variations in the number of fully-refined elements in the vicinity 15 of the TC. For these idealized cases, it is found that the SMR and AMR simulations are 16 able to resolve the vortex dynamics as well as the “truth” runs, with no significant loss in 17 accuracy in the refined region in the vortex vicinity and with significant speed-ups (factor 18 of 2-5). The overall accuracy is enhanced by a greater area of fully refined mesh in both the 19 SMR and AMR simulations. While these results are highly idealized, they demonstrate the 20 potential for SMR and AMR for the numerical simulation of TCs in three dimensions and 21 more complex models. 22